Low vitamin D levels 'linked to Parkinson's disease'

Low vitamin D levels 'linked to Parkinson's disease'
Sunlight on the skin helps generate vitamin D Having low vitamin D levels may increase a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease later in life, say Finnish researchers.

Their study of 3,000 people, published in Archives of Neurology, found people with the lowest levels of the sunshine vitamin had a three-fold higher risk.

Vitamin D could be helping to protect the nerve cells gradually lost by people with the disease, experts say.

The charity Parkinson's UK said further research was required.

Parkinson's disease affects several parts of the brain, leading to symptoms like tremor and slow movements.

30-year study

The researchers from Finland's National Institute for Health and Welfare measured vitamin D levels from the study group between 1978 and 1980, using blood samples.

They then followed these people over 30 years to see whether they developed Parkinson's disease.

They found that people with the lowest levels of vitamin D were three times more likely to develop Parkinson's, compared with the group with the highest levels of vitamin D.

Most vitamin D is made by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight, although some comes from foods like oily fish, milk or cereals.

As people age, however, their skin becomes less able to produce vitamin D.

Doctors have known for many years that vitamin D helps calcium uptake and bone formation.

But research is now showing that it also plays a role in regulating the immune system, as well as in the development of the nervous system.

Vitamin target

Writing in an editorial in the US journal Archives of Neurology, Marian Evatt, assistant professor of neurology at Emory University School of Medicine, says that health authorities should consider raising the target vitamin D level.

"At this point, 30 nanograms per millilitre of blood or more appears optimal for bone health in humans.

"However, researchers don't yet know what level is optimal for brain health or at what point vitamin D becomes toxic for humans, and this is a topic that deserves close examination."

Dr Kieran Breen, director of research at Parkinson's UK, said: "The study provides further clues about the potential environmental factors that may influence or protect against the progression of Parkinson's.

"A balanced healthy diet should provide the recommended levels of vitamin D.

"Further research is required to find out whether taking a dietary supplement, or increased exposure to sunlight, may have an effect on Parkinson's, and at what stage these would be most beneficial."Vitamin D
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Vitamin D (disambiguation).

Cholecalciferol (D3)
Calcium regulation in the human body.[1] The role of vitamin D is shown in orange.Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms of which are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D3 is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B light from the sun or artificial sources, and occurs naturally in a small range of foods. In some countries staples such as milk, flour and margarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also available as a supplement in pill form.[2]

Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcidiol. Circulating calcidiol may then be converted into calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D, either in the kidneys or by monocyte-macrophages in the immune system. When synthesized by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine, defending the body against microbial invaders.[3]

When synthesized in the kidneys, calcitriol circulates as a hormone, regulating, among other things, the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream, promoting the healthy mineralization, growth and remodeling of bone, and the prevention of hypocalcemic tetany. Vitamin D insufficiency can result in thin, brittle, or misshapen bones, while sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and, together with calcium, helps to protect older adults from osteoporosis. Vitamin D also modulates neuromuscular function, reduces inflammation, and influences the action of many genes that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells.[4]

Link between inactivity and obesity queried

Link between inactivity and obesity queried

Child obesity levels have been rising for decades Researchers have challenged the assumption that a lack of exercise causes children to put on weight.

An 11-year study of more than 200 children in Plymouth suggests the effect is the other way around - that getting fatter makes them inactive.

The paper, published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood, concludes that programmes to tackle obesity may need to focus more on food than exercise.

However, some other experts have questioned the findings.

The paper says there is no disputing the association between physical activity and body fat. And there is no suggestion that exercise is not good for children. But it does question its value as a way of tackling obesity.

Continue reading the main story What we shouldn't do is take the paper at face value and allow lean children to be as lazy as they please
Dr David Haslam
National Obesity Forum
The researchers at the EarlyBird Diabetes Study, based at the Peninsula Medical School in Plymouth, has been following a group of more than 200 city school children for the past 11 years.

As part of the long-term study, they monitored body fat and exercise at regular intervals over three years.

They found no indication that doing more physical activity had any effect on weight, but they did find that children who put on weight did relatively less exercise.

The findings indicate that 10% more body fat in a seven-year-old leads to four minutes less moderate or vigorous exercise each day. The lead author, Professor Terry Wilkin, says this may not sound a lot, but it adds up over time.

"Moderate and physical activity only occupies in boys a little less than an hour a day and in girls about 45 minutes.

"So it's a not insubstantial amount of activity that is gained by having the lower body mass.

"And that of course is energy expenditure day in day out, week in week out, month in month out so the balance is changed substantially."

The paper suggests that overweight children may perceive their body image negatively, and as a result choose not to join in sports and exercise. It also argues that children who put on too much weight may suffer discomfort and pain during exercise more quickly.

Professor Wilkin says the policy implications are far-reaching, indicating that nutrition, rather than ever-increasing doses of physical activity, is the key to tackling childhood obesity.

However many experts believe that exercise does have a role to play in helping children to lose weight. Professor Andy Ness from Bristol University, who has also examined activity and obesity in children, says the EarlyBird findings are "partly right".

Academic debate

"In our study we can see evidence that physical activity is predictive of a change in fatness," he said. "But that doesn't mean there's not something going on the other way. We think it's a combination."

Dr David Haslam from the National Obesity Forum says the wider health benefits of exercise for children must not be overlooked.

"The EarlyBird team really force us to question our comfortable assumptions regarding childhood obesity.

"What we, as clinicians must do, is nod reverently at their work, learn lessons from it, and re-appraise our own practices accordingly.

"What we shouldn't do is take the paper at face value and allow lean children to be as lazy as they please, as that would be a catastrophic mistake!"

In a statement the Department of Health in England said the EarlyBird study provided some "useful messages".

A spokesperson said: "We will consider this evidence alongside other research which has different findings on the link between physical activity and weight when we are developing our policy to produce better public health outcomes."

westof: Brain clue may explain autism 'hug avoidance'

westof: Brain clue may explain autism 'hug avoidance'

'Cookie-shaped' fossils point to multicellular life Page last updated at 10:07 GMT, Thursday, 1 July 2010 11:07 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable v

'Cookie-shaped' fossils point to multicellular life
Page last updated at 10:07 GMT, Thursday, 1 July 2010 11:07 UK
E-mail this to a friend Printable version A virtual reconstruction of the inner and outer form of one of the fossils Relics of some of the first stirrings of modern life may have been uncovered.

Scientists report in the journal Nature the discovery of centimetre-sized fossils they suggest are the earliest known examples of multicellular life.

The specimens, from Gabon, are 2.1 billion years old - 200 million years older than for any previous claim.

Abderrazak El Albani and colleagues describe the fossils' distinctive appearance as resembling irregularly shaped "wrinkly cookies".

The step from single-celled to multicellular organisation was a key step in the evolution of life on Earth and set the scene for the eventual emergence of all complex organisms, including animals and plants.

The big question is whether the new West African specimens truly represent large organisms growing in a co-ordinated manner, or are merely a record of the remains of aggregations of unicellular bacteria.

The team tells Nature that its analysis of the fossils' three-dimensional structure using X-ray microtomography leans it towards the former explanation.

The fossils would have existed during a period in Earth history that came shortly after the so-called Great Oxidation Event, when free oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere rose rapidly.

Another oxygen surge that occurred about half a billion years ago co-incided with the Cambrian Explosion - the huge spurt in evolution that established all the major animal groupings.

"The evolution of the Gabon macrofossils, representing an early step toward large-sized multicellularity, may have become possible by the first boost in oxygen," Dr El Albani and colleagues said in a statement, "whereas the Cambrian Explosion could have been fuelled by the second.

"Why it took 1.5 billion years for the multicellular organisms to take over is currently one of the great unsolved mysteries in the history of the biosphere."

The Gabonese fossils were laid down in shales

Hay fever season is well under way

Why do adults suddenly develop hay fever?



WHO, WHAT, WHY?
The Magazine answers...


Hay fever season is well under way, meaning misery for millions of people across Britain. But why are some people suddenly struck by the condition after years of experiencing no symptoms?

With pollen counts soaring, hay fever sufferers are in the midst of their annual bout of summer misery.

But although the condition is generally assumed to begin in childhood, some adults will be getting a nasty shock as they experience unpleasant symptoms such as sneezing and itching for the first time.

THE ANSWER
Despite plenty of research, no-one really knows
It could be that something in the environment of those with a genetic predisposition to allergies that sets it off
Alternatively, sufferers possibly experience very mild symptoms that they do not notice as children


Can you make your garden hay fever-proof?
Unfortunately, there is no way to predict when people who are atopic - that is, genetically predisposed towards allergies - begin to show signs that they are sufferers, says Beverly Adams Groom, chief palynologist at the National Pollen and Aerobiology Unit at the University of Worcester.

But broader theories about whether pollution or, conversely, a more sanitised environment could be causing a rise in hay fever symptoms could offer a clue.

"Lots of people assume that everyone with hay fever develops it in childhood, but we've had people coming to us in their 70s who've just been diagnosed," says Ms Adams Groom.

"People who have a genetic disposition are going to develop it, but as to what triggers it we don't know."


The bee may love pollen... but hay fever sufferers certainly don't
Hay fever is an allergy to pollens - the male reproductive parts of plants - from grasses and trees.

When these come into contact with the tissue inside the nose, they trigger an immune reaction that can cause congestion, sneezing, itching, and a runny nose.

Between 15 and 20% of people in the UK are thought to be affected, with the numbers being even higher among teenagers and symptoms typically peaking in people's 20s.

However, not all follow this pattern, and Ms Adams Groom suggests this could be linked with whatever is driving the general rise in hay fever cases.

Allergy specialist Prof Stephen Durham has calculated that the number of sufferers has doubled over a 20-year period.

"There's some evidence that pollution exacerbates it," he says. "And you've also got the hygiene hypothesis - that our bodies aren't as strong because we aren't exposed to infections when we are small children that our systems rebel against."

Oddly, researchers in Austria have also found that young children in regular contact with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies later in life.

WHO, WHAT, WHY?

A regular part of the BBC News Magazine, Who, What, Why? aims to answer some of the questions behind the headlines
Children living on farms were found to be three times less sensitive to hay fever and nearly four times less likely to suffer from asthma than those living in a non-rural environment.

This all may suggest that something about modern lifestyles may be responsible.

But, as Brian Lipworth, professor of allergy and respiratory medicine at the University of Dundee says, not enough work has been done to be sure either way.

However, he suggests that it could just be that many supposed adult-onset cases were in fact sufferers all along - just that their symptoms started off as too minor to notice.

"The data sets just aren't there to establish anything," he says.

"I'm suspecting that teenagers may not report symptoms because they are so mild, and it's not until they get to a certain level that they are any the wiser - but we just don't know."

It will, of course, be of little comfort to those currently plagued by itchy eyeballs and streaming noses. But the subject is surely a doctoral thesis waiting to happen

Swine flu vaccine

Swine flu vaccine contracts "lacked get out clauses"
Page last updated at 10:26 GMT, Thursday, 1 July 2010 11:26 UK

The government sent leaflets about swine flu to every UK household The contracts negotiated by the UK government for a swine flu vaccine should have had get-out clauses to protect taxpayers' money, experts say.

An independent review, led by Dame Deirdre Hine, a former chief medical officer for Wales, said that was just one of the lessons that should be learned.

Some of the communications about the pandemic were confusing, it added.

But the review praised the overall approach taken.

The review said the four devolved administrations worked well together.

And it said the spending - more than £1.2 billion in total on preparing and responding - was justified.

The review said without such a thorough approach the consequences could have been disastrous if the pandemic had proven to be more severe.

But the review team acknowledged the UK government should have cut a deal over vaccines.

'Threat remains'

More than 30m doses are thought to be left over after one of the manufacturers, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) refused requests for the contract to be torn up.

Dame Hine: 'the only predicable thing is its unpredictability.'
The other manufacturer, Baxter, agreed to a "break clause" allowing the government to cancel its order.

The review makes 28 recommendations aimed at ensuring a better response to any future pandemic.

Dame Deirdre said: "It is important that the experience of 2009 does not lead to complacency.

"The threat of a flu pandemic remains and the next one could be very serious."

Hundreds of thousands of people were infected with the virus, although most only had relatively mild symptoms.

However, more than 400 people still died in the UK.

Pregnant women and young children tended to be the worst affected.

The UK had been planning for a pandemic for years.

Originally it was thought it would be caused by bird flu, which would probably have meant a much more severe pandemic.

Containment

When swine flu emerged in April last year the government already had stockpiles of anti-flu drugs to lessen the symptoms and pre-contract agreements in place for vaccines.

This level of planning was praised by the review.

When infections started occurring in the UK, the authorities initiated a containment approach. This involved giving anti-flu drugs to anyone who had come into contact with an infected person.

The review said there was no definitive proof this had worked in slowing the spread.

The use of the phrase containment was also criticised along with others for confusing the public. It said there was a perception the approach was designed to stop the pandemic spreading completely instead of just disrupting it.

There was also criticism of the projections given for deaths.

In England, officials released the worst-case scenario figures which at one point were saying there could be more than 60,000 deaths.

This caused confusion, the report says, as some interpreted it as a straight prediction.

westof: 'junk food'

westof: 'junk food'

westof: bubonic plague

westof: bubonic plague

Fin to limb evolution clue found

Fin to limb evolution clue found
Page last updated at 01:58 GMT, Thursday, 24 June 2010 02:58 UK
E-mail this to a friend Printable version By Victoria Gill

Science reporter, BBC News

The researchers discovered genes involved in fin but not limb development A study has shed light on a key genetic step in the evolution of animals' limbs from the fins of fish, scientists say.

A team of researchers identified two new genes that are important in fin development.

They report in the journal Nature that the loss of these genes could have been an "important step" in the evolutionary transformation of fins into limbs.

Marie-Andree Akimenko, from the University of Ottawa in Canada, led the research.

She and her colleagues began their study by looking at the development of zebrafish embryos. They discovered two genes that coded for proteins that were important in the structure of fins.

These proteins were components of the thread-like fibres known as "actinotrichia". These are found in fish larvae and they eventually develop into the bony fin rays of mature fish.

"We found there were no [equivalent genes] in limbs, so this suggested these may have been lost in evolution," explained Dr Akimenko.

To confirm this, they looked for - and found - the same family of genes in the genomes of elephant sharks, which are a very basal (or ancient) fish species.

This suggested that the "ancient family of genes persisted in [bony fish] and was lost when they evolved" into four-footed animals, Dr Akimenko said.

Recreating evolution

Embryo development can provide important genetic and molecular clues about evolution; many early developmental changes are believed to mirror evolutionary changes.

The embryonic fin (right) has ray-forming fibres, which are absent in the embryonic mouse limb The scientists were able to manipulate zebrafish development, to study these changes in more detail. They inactivated the newly discovered genes in a developing zebrafish embryo. When they did this, they found that it developed shorter "truncated" fins with no bony rays.

The loss of these fin rays, the scientists say, was a key step in fin-to-limb evolution.

The team then compared the development of normal zebrafish embryos with that of mouse embryos.

"When we compared fin development and limb development, the early steps are very similar," Dr Akimenko said.

"But at one point there is a divergence, and that correlates with the beginning of the expression of these genes."

Professor Jonathan Bard, a retired developmental biologist now working with the department of physiology, anatomy and genetics at Oxford University, said the findings were only a very small part of the evolutionary story.

He said that this still did not tell us about digit formation - "how the broad, multi-ray fins of fishes became transformed into the eight digits of the hand or foot plate of the first tetrapods".

"More generally," he said, "hundreds of millions of years of separate evolution divide [bony fish] and mice."

He added: "It is an interesting paper... and it will be be interesting to see what the [researchers] do next."

Study examines scientists' 'climate credibility'

Study examines scientists' 'climate credibility'
Page last updated at 08:47 GMT, Tuesday, 22 June 2010 09:47 UK

Most experts agreed human activity was affecting the climate system Some 98% of climate scientists that publish research on the subject support the view that human activities are warming the planet, a study suggests.

It added there was little disagreement among the most experienced scientists.

But climate sceptics questioned the findings, saying that publication in scientific journals was not a fair test of expertise.

The findings have been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The study's authors said they found "immense" differences in both the expertise and scientific prominence of those who supported the "primary tenets" of latest assessments made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and those who were sceptical of the IPCC's findings.

In general, they added, the researchers who were convinced of the human impact on climate change had published twice as many papers as their sceptical counterparts, and were cited in other people's research two to three times more often.

Continue reading the main story It's typical of this broad-brush study to make such wide ranging claims similar to the infamous 'the debate is over'
Professor Hans von Storch

University of Hamburg
Lead author William Anderegg, from Stanford University in California, US, said the findings suggested that not all experts were equal in what they claimed.

"The researchers who are convinced (by the IPCC's assessment reports) have a lot more experience in climate research and have published a lot more papers in the scientific literature and are generally well respected in their field," he said.

"And it also demonstrates the converse that those who are sceptical of the IPCC's claims, in general, know a lot less about the climate system."

Mr Anderegg and his colleagues drew from a list of 908 researchers who had contributed to research used by the IPCC and have signed statements broadly in support of the UN body's assessments.

On the sceptical side, they chose 475 scientists from a list of 11 major sceptical declarations and open letters.

The researchers said they felt the need to carry out the survey because of the growing public perception that scientific opinion was divided on the issue following recent scandals, such as "climategate" at the UK's University of East Anglia and the use of non-peer reviewed literature in the IPCC findings.

"We really felt that the state of the scientific debate was so far removed from the state of the public discourse and we felt that a good quantitative, rigorous comparison of this would put to rest the notion that the scientists 'disagree' about global warming," Mr Anderegg told BBC News.

'Broad-brush study'

Sceptical groups, however, argued that publication in scientific journals was not a fair test of expertise.

They said that those who choose which papers to publish favoured research that supported the IPCC's view, and suggested that the new study was tautologous.

Professor Hans von Storch, from the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg, said: "You have to ask yourself - which are the the tenets of (the human induced climate change) outlined by the IPCC the '"convinced" groups of scientists agree with.

"There is a core of assertions, dealing with the effect of greenhouse gases on temperature and sea level, which enjoy general agreement," Professor von Storch told BBC News.

"While others, for instance, related to the Himalaya glaciers, the changing tropical storms and their damages or the fate of Greenland, are heavy contested.

"It's typical of this broad-brush study to make such wide ranging claims similar to the infamous 'the debate is over'."

Dr Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, from the University of Hull, UK, added: "Who judges expertise and prominence? It looks to me that the authors belong to an IPCC supporting group that must count as believers and belong to the beneficiaries of the man-made warming scare."

annual summer solstice.

Solstice sunrise at Stonehenge


STONEHENGE: The sun rises behind the Stonehenge monument in England, during the summer solstice shortly after 4.52am.
STONEHENGE: Revellers attend the annual summer solstice.
LONGEST DAY: Sun rises over the ancient stones at Stonehenge in Wiltshire.
SUMMER SOLSTICE: A Druid walks past the ancient standing stones at Stonehenge.

STONEHENGE: People raise their hands meditating during the summer solstice shortly after 4.52am at the Stonehenge monument in England.
SUMMER SOLSTICE: The sun rises over the ancient stones of Stonehenge.
« Previous« PreviousNext »Next » The long and short of the Solstice Relevant offers


EuropePostcard arrives after 95 years EU to import solar power from Sahara Princess weds gym instructor Britain readies for austere budget Komorowski leads Polish election UK doctor admits he helped patients die Northern Irish police uncover large bomb in van Laura Dekker's solo sail delayed by court ruling Is BP headed for a cash crunch? French floods death toll hits 25 Thousands of New Agers and neo-pagans danced and whooped in delight as the sun rose above the ancient stone circle of Stonehenge, marking the summer solstice.


About 20,000 people crowded the prehistoric site on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, southern England, to see the sunrise at 4.52am following an annual all-night party.

The annual pilgrimage marks the northern hemisphere's longest day of the year.


The Heel Stone, just outside the main circle, aligns with the rising sun.


Police described the event as one of the safest in years, although 34 people were arrested for minor drug offences.


Peter Carson from English Heritage told the BBC said: "It has been quieter this year but it's been a great solstice.


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staff escape NHS hygiene rule

Muslim staff escape NHS hygiene rule
Muslim doctors and nurses are to be allowed to opt out of strict hygiene rules introduced by the NHS to restrict the spread of hospital superbugs.

Published: 12:30AM BST 11 Apr 2010

Muslim doctors and nurses are to be allowed to opt out of strict hygiene rules introduced by the NHS to restrict teh spread of hospital superbugs. Photo: MARTIN POPE
Female staff who follow the Islamic faith will be allowed to cover their arms to preserve their modesty despite earlier guidance that all staff should be "bare below the elbow".

The Department of Health has also relaxed rules prohibiting jewellery so that Sikh members of staff can wear bangles linked with their faith, providing they are pushed up the arm while the medic treats a patient.


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Fight against superbugs hampered by doctors failing to wash their handsThe Mail on Sunday reported the change had been made after female Muslims objected to being required to expose their arm below the elbow under guidance introduced by Alan Johnson when he was health secretary in 2007.

The rules were drawn up to reduce the number of patients who were falling ill, and even dying, from superbugs such as MRSA and Clostridium difficile.

Revised guidance which relaxed the requirements for some religions was published last month.

Some Muslim staff and those from other groups may be allowed to use disposable plastic over-sleeves which cover their clothes below the elbow and allow the skin to remain covered up.

Derek Butler, chairman of MRSA Action UK, said: "My worry is that allowing some medics to use disposable sleeves you compromise patient safety because unless you change the sleeves between each patient, you spread bacteria.

"Scrubbing bare arms is far more effective."

A Department of Health spokesman said: "The guidance is intended to provide direction to services in how they can balance infection control measures with cultural beliefs without compromising patient safety."

40,000 deaths a year due to junk food, says health watchdog Nice

40,000 deaths a year due to junk food, says health watchdog Nice
More than 40,000 Britons are dying unnecessarily every year because of high levels of salt and fat in their diets, the Government’s public health watchdog Nice has warned.

By Rebecca Smith, Medical Editor

Foods high in salt and fat are behind 40,000 unnecessary deaths in Britain every year, says the health watchdog Nice. Photo: JONATHAN LODGE
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice) says that unhealthy foods have wreaked a “terrible toll of ill health” on the nation and placed a “substantial” strain on the economy.

For the first time, the organisation publishes landmark guidance on how to prevent the “huge number of unnecessary deaths” from conditions such as heart disease that are linked to the consumption of ready meals and processed food.


Related Articles
Junk food 'as addictive as heroin'
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Half a pint of milk in childhood linked to lower stroke risk
Salt levels must be cut further 'to reduce premature deaths', says FSA
Sandwiches with salt content 'equivalent to nine bags of crisps'It calls for sweeping changes to food production and government policy to encourage lifestyle changes, and to reduce significantly the amount of salt and saturated fat the nation consumes.

It says “toxic” artificial fats known as trans fats, which have no nutritional value and are linked to heart disease, should be banned. The organisation says that ministers should consider introducing legislation if food manufacturers failed to make their products healthier.

Nice says it has brought together all the available evidence to illustrate the link between unhealthy food and public health, partly in response to increasing concern about obesity in Britain, particularly among children.

It says there are about five million people in the country suffering the effects of cardiovascular disease — a “largely avoidable” condition that includes heart attacks, heart disease and stroke — and that it causes 150,000 deaths annually. Nice says 40,000 of these deaths could be prevented, and hundreds of millions of pounds saved, if its measures were introduced.

The guidance, which was commissioned by the Department of Health, also recommends that:

• Low-salt and low-fat foods should be sold more cheaply than their unhealthy counterparts, through the use of subsidies if necessary;

• Advertising of unhealthy foods should be banned until after 9pm and planning laws should be used to restrict the number of fast food outlets, especially near schools;

• The Common Agricultural Policy should focus more on public health, ensuring farmers are paid to produce healthier foods;

• Action should also be taken to introduce a “traffic light” food labelling system, even though the European Parliament recently voted against this;

• Local authorities must act to encourage walking and cycling and public sector caterers must provide healthier meals;

• All lobbying of the Government and its agencies by the food and drink industry should be fully disclosed.

Prof Klim McPherson, the Chairman of the Nice Guidance Development Group and professor of epidemiology at Oxford University, said: “Where food is concerned, we want the healthy choice to be the easy choice. Going even further, we want the healthy choice to be the less expensive, more attractive choice.

“Put simply, this guidance can help the Government and the food industry to take action to prevent huge numbers of unnecessary deaths and illnesses caused by heart disease and stroke.” The average person in Britain consumes more than eight grams of salt a day. The body only requires one gram to function. Targets are already in place to reduce salt consumption to six grams by 2015 and this should be extended to three grams by 2050, the guidance says.

Nice says children should consume considerably less salt than adults and that, because the bulk of salt in their diets comes from prepared food such as bread, cereal, soups, meat and cheese products, manufacturers have a significant role to play in reducing it.

The organisation says that most consumers did not even notice a difference in taste if salt levels were reduced by

5-10 per cent a year because their taste buds adjusted.

Prof Mike Kelly, the public health director at Nice, added: “This isn’t about telling individuals to choose salad instead of chips — it’s about making sure that the chips we all enjoy occasionally are as healthy as possible.

“That means making further reductions in the salt, trans fats and saturated fats in the food we eat every day.”

Betty McBride, the director of policy and communications at the British Heart Foundation, said: “Creating an environment that makes healthy choices easy is vital. Government, the health service, industry and individuals must all play their part. We must see industry making major efforts now to reformulate products with less saturated fat.

“Cutting our 'sat fat’ intake would have a major impact on heart disease.”

Prof Sir Ian Gilmore, president of the Royal College of Physicians, added: “The Nice guidance demonstrates conclusively why we need to change radically our approach to this vast and silent killer.

“Many of the diet-related recommendations made by Nice have the added benefit of costing the public purse little to nothing, while creating an opportunity to reduce the tens of billions of pounds of associated costs the UK loses every year to heart disease.”

While the guidance was welcomed by health experts, representatives of the food and drink industry said significant progress on salt and fat had already been taken.

The Food and Drink Federation accused Nice of being “out of touch with the reality”. Julian Hunt, its director of communications, said: “We are surprised that Nice has found the time and the money to develop guidance that seems to be out of touch with the reality of what has been happening for many years.

“The food industry is leading the world when it comes to voluntarily changing the recipes of popular food brands so that they are lower in salt, fat or sugar; introducing better-for-you choices at the same price as standard lines; and improving the quality of nutrition information available on packs.”

Ape hunters pick up new viruses

Ape hunters pick up new viruses

Chimpanzees carry viruses which can jump to humans
Two new viruses from the same family as HIV have been discovered in central Africans who hunt nonhuman primates.
Researchers say their work proves it is not unusual for potentially dangerous viruses to jump from primates to man.

They say it is important to monitor disease in bushmeat hunters closely, as any virus they contract from animals may spread to the community at large.

The study, led by the US Johns Hopkins University, is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Far from being rare events, retroviruses are actively crossing into human populations

Dr Nathan Wolfe
The new viruses identified in the latest study come from a group known as the retroviruses, which are known to cause serious illnesses in humans.

They have been named Human T-lymphotropic Virus types 3 and 4 (HTLV-3 and HTLV-4).

Humans have previously been infected by HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. In most cases, infection does not produce symptoms, but it can trigger neurological problems, and even leukaemia.

Lead researcher Dr Nathan Wolfe said: "The emergence of HIV from primate origins has cost millions of lives.

"The discoveries of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 show that, far from being rare events, retroviruses are actively crossing into human populations."

Blood samples

The research team collected and examined blood samples from more than 900 people living throughout Cameroon.

All the individuals studied reported some exposure to blood and body fluids of nonhuman primates, contact mostly due to hunting and butchering of bushmeat, and in some cases to keeping primates as pets.

Analysis of the blood samples showed that various simian (ape) viruses had infected the participants.

The two previously unknown viruses were found in two bushmeat hunters.

HTLV-3 is similar to a simian virus called STLV-3, and was most likely contracted through direct contact with a primate during hunting.

HTLV-4 does not have a known primate counterpart, making its origin less clear. The researchers believe it could have arisen through cross-species transmission from an animal carrying an unknown form of STLV.

The same team discovered another primate retrovirus - the simian foamy virus (SFV) - in bushmeat hunters last year.

Threat unclear

At this stage it is unclear whether either of the two newly discovered viruses or SFV are harmful to humans, or can be transferred from person to person.

However, the researchers say their work clearly shows that hunting provides the opportunity for viruses to jump the species barrier.

Dr Wolfe said: "Ongoing collaboration with hunters in central Africa gives us the potential to predict and prevent disease emergence.

"Given the incredible potential costs of a new human retrovirus spreading into the general population, the development of sentinel systems for forecasting disease emergence - such as long-term surveillance of hunters - should be seen as a human health imperative."

Dr Deenan Pillay, an expert in virology at University College London, UK, told the BBC News website that it had been thought few viruses jumped the species barrier.

"This research suggests that there seems to be far more transmission of a whole range of primate viruses into humans than was previously thought," he said.

"But that is not alarming in its own right. If the virus fails to replicate, or to be passed on to others, then it does not pose a threat.

"However, if cross-species transmission is such a frequent event, then all it takes is for one virus to really take hold in somebody, and be passed on to others for it to take off in humans."

Two primate species were among the seizures of bushmeat

By Mark Kinver

Science and environment reporter, BBC News
Two primate species were among the seizures of bushmeat by customs About 270 tonnes of illegal bushmeat could be passing through one of Europe's busiest airports each year, the first study of its kind estimates.

A team of researchers says the illicit trade could pose a risk to human or animal health and increase the demand for meat from threatened species.

The figure is based on seizures from searches carried out over 17 days at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris.

The findings appear in the journal Conservation Letters.

A team of researchers from France, Cambodia and the UK said it was the "first systematic study of the scale and nature of this international trade".

"We estimate that about five tonnes of bushmeat per week is smuggled in personal baggage through Paris Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airport," they wrote.

During the 17-day study, a total of 134 passengers arriving on 29 flights from 14 African nations were searched.

Nine people were found to be carrying bushmeat, which had a combined mass of 188kg.

In total, 11 species were found - including two types of primates, two kinds of crocodiles and three rodent species - four of which were listed as protected species.

'Lucrative trade'

Co-author Marcus Rowcliffe from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) explained why the international team of researchers decided to carry out the research.

Continue reading the main story Only a small proportion of Africa's bushmeat is exported

Calls for bushmeat ban rejected
"As no study like this had been carried out before, we really had no idea as to the volume of bushmeat coming into airports," he told BBC News.

"It was a surprise when we saw how much was arriving."

The products were not only imported for personal consumption, but were part of a lucrative organised trade with high prices indicating luxury status, Dr Rowcliffe added.

"A 4kg monkey will cost around 100 euros (£84), compared with just five euros in Cameroon," he said.

Based on the data gathered from the 29 flights covered by the study, the researchers then calculated the weekly and annual inward flow of bushmeat.

"Assuming that (the study's) rates are representative of the average weekly rate over the year, this equates to... 273 tonnes of bushmeat," they calculated.

The team suggested that there were likely to be a number of factors behind the large volume of bushmeat being imported.

"First, detecting and seizing these products is not a priority," they explained.

"Second, penalties for importing illegal meat or fish are low and rarely imposed. Third, the rewards for transporting bushmeat are potentially high."

The researchers acknowledged that the study had a short time scale and limited geographical coverage, and said that a longer and large scale survey was now required to build on the findings.

However, they added that their study did allow them to consider ways to control the trade.

They suggest offering incentives to customs officers, increasing the penalties for illegally importing the products and raising awareness among passengers that bringing such products into the EU was prohibited.

The team concluded: "The large scale of current imports makes it important to consider all options for reducing the flow of illegal meat and fish, and of bushmeat in particular."

Illegal bushmeat 'rife in Europe'

Science and environment reporter, BBC News
Two primate species were among the seizures of bushmeat by customs About 270 tonnes of illegal bushmeat could be passing through one of Europe's busiest airports each year, the first study of its kind estimates.


A team of researchers says the illicit trade could pose a risk to human or animal health and increase the demand for meat from threatened species.


The figure is based on seizures from searches carried out over 17 days at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris.


The findings appear in the journal Conservation Letters.


A team of researchers from France, Cambodia and the UK said it was the "first systematic study of the scale and nature of this international trade".


"We estimate that about five tonnes of bushmeat per week is smuggled in personal baggage through Paris Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airport," they wrote.


During the 17-day study, a total of 134 passengers arriving on 29 flights from 14 African nations were searched.


Nine people were found to be carrying bushmeat, which had a combined mass of 188kg.


In total, 11 species were found - including two types of primates, two kinds of crocodiles and three rodent species - four of which were listed as protected species.


'Lucrative trade'


Co-author Marcus Rowcliffe from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) explained why the international team of researchers decided to carry out the research.


Continue reading the main story Only a small proportion of Africa's bushmeat is exported


Calls for bushmeat ban rejected
"As no study like this had been carried out before, we really had no idea as to the volume of bushmeat coming into airports," he told BBC News.


"It was a surprise when we saw how much was arriving."


The products were not only imported for personal consumption, but were part of a lucrative organised trade with high prices indicating luxury status, Dr Rowcliffe added.


"A 4kg monkey will cost around 100 euros (£84), compared with just five euros in Cameroon," he said.


Based on the data gathered from the 29 flights covered by the study, the researchers then calculated the weekly and annual inward flow of bushmeat.


"Assuming that (the study's) rates are representative of the average weekly rate over the year, this equates to... 273 tonnes of bushmeat," they calculated.


The team suggested that there were likely to be a number of factors behind the large volume of bushmeat being imported.


"First, detecting and seizing these products is not a priority," they explained.


"Second, penalties for importing illegal meat or fish are low and rarely imposed. Third, the rewards for transporting bushmeat are potentially high."


The researchers acknowledged that the study had a short time scale and limited geographical coverage, and said that a longer and large scale survey was now required to build on the findings.


However, they added that their study did allow them to consider ways to control the trade.


They suggest offering incentives to customs officers, increasing the penalties for illegally importing the products and raising awareness among passengers that bringing such products into the EU was prohibited.


The team concluded: "The large scale of current imports makes it important to consider all options for reducing the flow of illegal meat and fish, and of bushmeat in particular."

westof: vegetarian means vegetarian, the clue is in the word, veg...from the root vegetable, with no reference to egg, why do meat eaters and milk drinkers an

westof: vegetarian means vegetarian, the clue is in the word, veg...from the root vegetable, with no reference to egg, why do meat eaters and milk drinkers an

westof: shaun

westof: shaun

Stem cell therapy 'damage' seen in kidney disease case

There are hopes that stem cell therapy can be used to tackle many diseases A new complication has been seen in a patient with kidney disease who received stem cell therapy, scientists have warned.

Stem cells were injected into the kidney, but the patient suffered tissue damage and died from an infection.

The Canadian and Thai researchers said the findings published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology showed caution was needed.

Experts said there was a gap between research and treatment.

Many scientists hope stem cell therapy can be used to treat a wide range of diseases.

It has been shown that it is possible to reprogram adult stem cells, taken from bone marrow, to become a range of specific cell types - including kidney cells.

Continue reading the main story We believe that this is either formed directly by the stem cells that were injected or that the stem cells caused these masses to form
Dr Duangpen Thirabanjasak,

Chulalongkorn University
And animal studies have indicated that injecting stem cells directly into organs, including the kidney, is safe.

The patient in this case had been treated by a private clinic.

Researchers from Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, and Paul Scott Thorner, from the University of Toronto, were involved in removing and analysing the kidney.

They found that the patient had not benefited at all from the treatment, but had actually developed tissue damage called angiomyeloproliferative lesions at the injection sites. These were found to be clusters of blood vessels and bone marrow cells.

Enthusiasm 'premature'

Dr Duangpen Thirabanjasak, from Chulalongkorn University, who led the research, said: "This type of lesion has never been described before in patients, and we believe that this is either formed directly by the stem cells that were injected or that the stem cells caused these masses to form."

And she warned that, because they had not been seen before, no-one knew how the lesions might have developed over time.

The authors conclude that their findings should serve as a warning to clinical investigators that the development of blood vessel and bone marrow masses may be a possible complication of stem cell therapy.

And they said more work was needed to identify why the masses formed, and how this could be avoided.

Writing in the journal, Andras Nagy, of Toronto's Mount Sinai Hospital, and Susan Quaggin, of the University of Toronto, said caution was needed over stem cell therapies - especially if they were being offered by unregulated private clinics.

They added: "Premature enthusiasm and protocols that are not fully vetted are dangerous and result in negative publicity for the field of stem cell research, and more importantly, may result in disastrous outcomes with no benefit to the patient.

"Although there is promise, a large gap still exists between scientific knowledge and clinical translation for safe and effective stem cell-based therapies.

Diabetes drugs given 'too soon'

Diabetes drugs given 'too soon'

Eating a healthy diet is a key part of diabetes control
One in three people with type 2 diabetes are given medication too soon, instead of being urged to eat better and do more exercise, a study suggests.

A study of 650 people in south west England found 36% were put on tablets within a month of being diagnosed, a Diabetes UK conference heard.

But guidelines recommend first trying lifestyle changes to control diabetes.

A Department of Health spokeswoman said medication helps people to "manage their condition".

The Royal College of GPs agreed diet and exercise should come first.

More than 400 people a day are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the UK.

When people are diagnosed, they're ready to make a lot of changes but if you give them a tablet, you're saying it is not their lifestyle that is the problem

Dr Rob Andrew
It is often associated with obesity, and attempts in recent years to screen people for the disease has increased the number of people being diagnosed.

In the latest study, researchers found that in many patients lifestyle management was not given a chance, despite being widely recognised as being the initial first "treatment".

Metformin is the first drug of choice, but more drugs can be added if that is not doing enough to control blood sugar levels.

The researchers found that 13% of participants were actually on two types of tablets within the first few weeks of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Study author Dr Rob Andrew, a senior lecturer at the University of Bristol, said they had not expected the figures to be quite so high.

"There is quite clear guidance that says when you're first diagnosed, you should have the opportunity to concentrate on lifestyle then if that doesn't work the next stage is metformin.

Balanced diet

"When people are diagnosed, they're ready to make a lot of changes but if you give them a tablet, you're saying it is not their lifestyle that is the problem."

He added that incentive payments to encourage GPs to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes, a lack of NHS resources for lifestyle support and a cultural attitude that people will not make the necessary changes are probably all to blame.

Simon O'Neill, from Diabetes UK, said they were concerned that in some cases medication seemed to be the first port of call.

"A healthy, balanced diet and doing physical activity should always be the foundation of good diabetes management.

"Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition - the longer a person has diabetes, the more likely they are to need tablets, and eventually insulin.

Good diabetes care is not just about medication

Department of Health

"Even if people are on tablets, medication should not simply replace diet and physical activity."

Professor Steve Field, chairman of the Royal College of GPs, said there was probably a case of jumping in too quickly with pills.

"It is a reminder for GPs and nurses managing newly diagnosed diabetes that lifestyle advice is the most important component."

He added that in some areas of the country there was a lack of resources for supporting behavioural changes.

The Department of Health has defended its treatment of people with the condition.

A spokeswoman said: "Prescribed medication is vital to enable many people with diabetes to manage their condition on a day-to-day basis and to reduce their risk of developing complications such as heart attack and stroke."

However, she stressed that "good diabetes care is not just about medication".

"As the NICE guidelines recommend, people with type 2 diabetes should be encouraged to make lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating and increased physical activity, before starting medication," she said.

Replacing white rice with brown rice and wholemeal bread could cut the risk of diabetes by a third

White rice has a higher glycaemic index than brown rice Replacing white rice with brown rice and wholemeal bread could cut the risk of diabetes by a third, US experts say.


White rice poses a diabetes threat because it causes steep rises in blood sugar, say Harvard researchers in Archives of Internal Medicine.


Brown rice and other wholegrain foods are a healthier option as they release glucose more gradually, they say.
The study is based on questionnaires; some say the data is not robust enough to base firm conclusions on.
It may be that people who eat less white rice tend to live healthier lifestyles, for example.


'Brown is better'
In the study of nearly 200,000 US people, white rice consumption was linked to type 2 diabetes.
After adjusting for age and other diabetes risk factors, those who ate five or more 150g servings of white rice per week had a 17% increased risk of diabetes compared with people who consumed less than one serving - about a cup of rice - per month.
Although few people - only 2% - in the study ate this much white rice, the finding was significant.
The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is by keeping active and eating a healthy balanced diet that is low in fat, salt and sugar with plenty of fruit and vegetables
Dr Victoria King


Diabetes UK
Yet eating brown rice appeared to have the opposite effect, cutting the risk of type 2 diabetes.
People who ate two or more servings of brown rice per week had an 11% reduced risk of developing the condition compared with those who ate less than one serving a month.
Based on the results, the researchers estimate that replacing 50g or one-third of a typical serving of white rice with the same amount of brown rice would lead to a 16% lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
And replacing the white rice with wholegrains, including brown rice and pasta, wholemeal bread and rolled oats, could cut the risk by more than a third.
Food composition
Dr Qi Sun and other researchers say the explanation lies in the composition of the food.
Like other wholegrain foods, brown rice is high in fibre and releases its energy slowly.
In contrast, white rice has had all the bran and some of the germ removed during milling.
This gives white rice a higher glycaemic index (GI) - a measure of how much a food raises blood sugar levels compared with the same amount of glucose or white bread.
"From a public health point of view, replacing refined grains such as white rice by whole grains, including brown rice, should be recommended to facilitate the prevention of type 2 diabetes," according to the researchers.
Experts generally recommend that at least half of carbohydrate intake should come from whole grains like brown rice.
More than 70% of the rice consumed in developed countries such as the US and UK is white.
Dr Victoria King of Diabetes UK said that, since the results were from self-reported food diaries and questionnaires, it was not possible to make conclusive recommendations on how much of certain foods, such as brown rice, might protect against type 2 diabetes at this stage.
"The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is by keeping active and eating a healthy balanced diet that is low in fat, salt and sugar with plenty of fruit and vegetables," she said.

Autism link with migrant parents, study finds

mengele-westof

Autism link with migrant parents, study finds


It is thought migration might "trigger" the onset of autism
Researchers have discovered that where you used to live could affect your child's chances of being autistic by up to five times.


The study looked at children whose mother had moved to the UK from outside Europe.


It showed an increased risk of autism in children whose parents had migrated from Africa, the Caribbean and Asia, the UK researchers said.


The greatest risk was for the Caribbean group, the BBC World Service reported.


Speaking on Health Check, Dr Daphne Keen, from St. George's Hospital London, said while the findings show a clear link between immigration and autism - they could not determine exactly why this was the case.




Stress factors and social isolation and so forth may operate as triggers.


Dr Daphne Keen
The research covered 428 children diagnosed with autism during a six-year period.


"We didn't find there was an increased risk in the parents who had migrated from other European countries," Dr Keen added.


"The size of the increased risk was greatest for the Caribbean group. This was at least five times.


"The risk was also very significant, but slightly less, for the African population and much lower, but still a little present, for the Asian population."


Two factors


The study took into consideration that it may just be a case of ethnicity - rather than migration - that caused the rise in cases.


However, researchers compared their results with children born of UK-born parents with Caribbean, African and Asian roots.


"We found when we analysed the two factors together, that the risk fell considerably.




HEALTH CHECK


Health Check is the weekly health programme broadcast from the BBC World Service
It is broadcast on Monday at 1032GMT and repeated at 1532GMT, 2032GMT and on Tuesday at 0132GMT
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"It seemed to suggest that immigration was the major factor, and ethnicity was just possibly a factor."


One theory is that the stress of migrating could act as a "trigger" for the disability, a factor discovered in similar studies looking at the causes of schizophrenia.


"There have been some interesting studies that seem to suggest that those sort of stress factors and social isolation and so forth may operate as triggers."

A genetically modified (GM) variety of maize banned in the EU has been sown accidentally across Germany.

Banned GM maize sown in Germany
Page last updated at 15:34 GMT, Monday, 7 June 2010 16:34 UK
GM crops are much less widespread in Europe than in the US A genetically modified (GM) variety of maize banned in the EU has been sown accidentally across Germany.

The NK603 variety has been planted in seven states. The seed supplier, US firm Pioneer Hi-Bred, called the level of contamination "minute".

It is not clear how the mistake occurred, but it could cost farmers millions of euros, as crops will now have to be destroyed.

The EU is currently reviewing its tight rules on the cultivation of GM crops.

Pioneer Hi-Bred, based in Buxtehude near Hamburg, says NK603 has been planted on "just under 2,000 hectares (4,940 acres)" of land. The environmental group Greenpeace put the area as high as 3,000 hectares.

Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Lower Saxony are among the states where it has been sown.

Information delayed

Supporters of GM crops argue that they deliver higher yields and resistance to pests, requiring less fertiliser and pesticides.

Opponents say more scientific data is needed, arguing that their long-term genetic impact on humans and wildlife could be harmful.

They also say GM crops can enter the food chain inadvertently if they are naturally cross-pollinated with non-GM varieties.

Greenpeace says that officials knew about the contamination in early March, but that because of bureaucratic delays farmers are only now being warned.

"This is the biggest GM crop scandal in Germany to date," said a Greenpeace agriculture expert, Alexander Hissting.

Ploughing up fields

In the affected fields, up to 0.1% of the crop is contaminated with NK603 - equivalent to 100 contaminated plants per hectare, Greenpeace says.

Pioneer Hi-Bred disputes that figure. Company spokesman Mike Hall told the BBC that the level of NK603 detected in the "conventional seed" was 0.03%.

"It's highly unlikely that it's a GM trace. Anything below 0.1% could be a false positive, impossible to quantify scientifically," he said.

"In the past when they found trace amounts we removed the seed from the market. In this case they told us after it had been planted."

Stefanie Becker, spokeswoman for Lower Saxony's Environment Ministry, said that "fields will have to be ploughed up before the maize blooms - it is still possible to halt the uncontrolled spread [of the GM variety]".

She said her ministry did not get details about the distribution of the GM maize until last Friday. "We have the distributors' names, and through them the farmers will be informed," she told the BBC.

Ms Becker said the contamination affected about 2,000 hectares and originated from two sacks of seeds. It is not yet clear how the seeds got mixed up, she said.

EU divided

So far the EU has allowed only two GM crops to be cultivated - Monsanto's MON 810 maize and a type of potato harvested for starch. But Germany, like some other EU countries, banned MON 810 last year.

EU member states are divided over GM crops. Commercial GM planting takes place in Spain, Portugal and the Czech Republic. But France, Germany, Austria and Greece are among several states that have banned MON 810.

The GM maize that has spread in Germany "is not harmful to human or animal health", Ms Becker said.

The European Commission is overhauling the rules on GM crops and will present new proposals next month allowing member states more freedom to allow or ban GM varieties.

Countries would be allowed to set their own technical standards for GM farming, including buffer zones to prevent cross-pollination.

The new rules will still require approval by EU governments and the European Parliament.

WHO swine flu experts 'linked' with drug companies

WHO swine flu experts 'linked' with drug companies
Page last updated at 11:14 GMT, Friday, 4 June 2010 12:14 UK
Governments around the world stockpiled antiviral drugs Key scientists behind World Health Organization advice on stockpiling of pandemic flu drugs had financial ties with companies which stood to profit, an investigation has found.

The British Medical Journal says the scientists had openly declared these interests in other publications yet WHO made no mention of the links.

It comes as a report from the Council of Europe criticised the lack of transparency around the handling of the swine flu pandemic.

A spokesman for WHO said the drug industry did not influence its decisions on swine flu.

Guidelines recommending governments stockpile antiviral drugs were issued by WHO in 2004.

The advice prompted many countries around the world into buying up large stocks of Tamiflu, made by Roche, and Relenza manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.

A year after the swine flu pandemic was declared, stocks are left unused in warehouses and governments are attempting to unpick contracts.

Conflict of interest

The BMJ, in a joint investigation with The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, found that three scientists involved in putting together the 2004 guidance had previously been paid by Roche or GSK for lecturing and consultancy work as well as being involved in research for the companies.

Analysis
Continue reading the main story
Fergus Walsh
Medical correspondent, BBC News
Be open. Be transparent. That seems to be the key learning point for the WHO from this joint investigation.

It is common practice for academic experts to work closely with the pharmaceutical industry, such as getting funding for drug trials, or to be paid for attending meetings.

On all clinical papers authors must publicly declare any competing interests.

So it is surely advisable that the WHO follows the same policy with its advisors.

And there is surely no logic in refusing to name the members of the emergency committee which advised the WHO about the pandemic.

To fail to do so presents an own goal to critics and conspiracy theorists.
Although the scientists involved had freely declared the links in other places and said WHO asked for conflicts of interest forms prior to expert meetings, the ties were not publically declared by WHO.

It is not clear whether these conflicts were notified privately by WHO to governments around the world, the BMJ said, and a request to see conflict of interest declarations was turned down.

In addition, membership of the "emergency committee" which advised WHO's director general Margaret Chan on declaring an influenza pandemic has been kept secret.

It means the names of the 16 committee members are known only to people within WHO, and as such their possible conflicts of interest with drug companies are unknown.

On its website, WHO says: "Potential conflicts of interest are inherent in any relationship between a normative and health development agency, like WHO, and a profit-driven industry.

"Similar considerations apply when experts advising the Organization have professional links with pharmaceutical companies.

"Numerous safeguards are in place to manage possible conflicts of interest or their perception."

'Male menopause' idea questioned

'Male menopause' idea questioned
Doctors are divided on the idea of a male 'menopause' The "male menopause" is a myth, according to a review.

Some doctors have linked a fall in testosterone levels as men get older to symptoms such as depression and low sex drive.

But an editorial in Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin says many men reporting symptoms have normal hormone levels.

They warn against giving synthetic testosterone as it can increase the risk of prostate cancer.

Doctors are divided on the idea that men go through a well-defined "menopause".

Continue reading the main story What the paper says is that the doctor must assess the risks versus the benefits of giving testosterone
Dr Ian Banks

Men's Health Forum
Some doctors advocate the use of synthetic testosterone to relieve some of the symptoms associated with so-called male menopause such as weakness, depression and sexual problems.

But the journal says that unlike the menopause in women, where levels of the female hormone fall dramatically, testosterone levels fall by only 1 to 2% a year from the age of 40 onwards in men.

Around 80% of 60-year-olds and half of those in their 80s still have levels within the normal range.

The editorial concludes: "There is no place for testosterone therapy in older men without symptoms, or without clearly low testosterone concentrations on more than one occasion."

Risks vs benefits

Commenting on the report, Dr Ian Banks, a GP and president of the Men's Health Forum, said: "What the paper says is that the doctor must assess the risks versus the benefits of giving testosterone."

He said men seeking a "quick fix" for symptoms such as tiredness and lack of sex drive should consider lifestyle changes first.

"We've got to get the message over to resist the temptation of the quick fix and look at things such as lifestyle that you can do something about," he added.

shaun